Nayudamma Award Presented to Renowned Scientists through NCDA.And Presence of Famous people during the Award Presentation.

Dr.Ghauth Jasmon chosen for Nayudamma Award 2011

Nellore, 8^th January 2011

Prof. Ghauth Jasmon, Vice Chancellor,University of Malaya,Kualalumpur,Malaysia has been chosen for the prestigious Nayudamma Award for the year 2011 institutred by Nayudamma Centre for development Alternatives,Nellore and R.M.K.Engineering College,Kavaraipettai,

The award will be presented at a special function at R.M.K.Engineering College,Kavaraipettai,Tamil Nadu on 29^th March 2011.

Professor Datuk Dr. Ghauth Jasmon

Professor Datuk Dr. Ghauth Jasmon is the current University of Malaya vice chancellor (VC). He took office on 8 November 2008 replacing Datuk Rafiah Salim Prior to this, Ghauth Jasmon was the Multimedia University president and CEO of Unity College International.

Prof. Ghauth was invited by Telekom Malaysia to set up and build Universiti Telekom (the first private university in Malaysia) in October 1996 and commenced duty as President in December 1996. In March 1997, the government instructed him to build the Multimedia University (MMU) in the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), Cyberjaya.

Prof. Ghauth Jasmon graduated with a First Class Honours Degree in Electrical Engineering in 1979 and the PhD degree in Power Systems Engineering in 1982 from the University of London.

His career began with a Lecturership in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya in 1982. He was appointed the Head of the Electrical Engineering Department in 1986 to 1988. Based on his research, publication and consultancies, Prof. Ghauth was promoted to Associate Professor in 1989 and to Full Professor in 1992. In the same year, he was appointed the Dean of Engineering and held the position until August 1995. During his period as Dean, he introduced the Built Environment Programmes comprising Degrees in Architecture, Land and Quantity Surveying and several new Engineering degrees such as Materials, Telecommunication, Manufacturing and Environmental. Prof. Ghauth was appointed Deputy Vice Chancellor (Development) in August 1995.

As an academic, Prof. Ghauth has contributed extensively in research and in the Engineering Profession. He researched in the areas Power Systems Analysis, Network Analysis, Voltage Stability, System Security and Neural Networks. His works have been published in 30 international journal papers, 45 conference/seminars and other publications. He has also been involved in many professional engineering activities especially in the IET (UK) and IEEE (USA) and was formerly a Secretary General and Vice President of the Association for Engineering Education in South East Asia and the Pacific. He is currently a Fellow of the IET, Fellow of the Institution of Engineers Australia, Senior Member of the IEEE and an Eisenhower Fellow.

Due to his vast contributions to the development of the country's private tertiary education initiatives, he was bestowed with the Darjah Mulia Seri Melaka (DMSM) which carries the title Datuk by the Governor of Malacca.

The earlier NAYUDAMMA AWARDEESawardees include:

1. Dr.K.Kasturirangan, Member, Planning Commission

2. Dr.R.Natarajan, Former Chairman, AICTE

3. Prof.Dronamraju Krishna Rao,Former Biotechnology Advisor to Former

US President.Mr.Bill Clinton

4. Prof.P.Rama Rao, Former Vice Chancellor, University of Hyderabad

5. Dr.V.Bakthavatsalam, Former MD, IREDA

6. Prof.P.Ramachandra Rao, Former Vice Chancellor, Banaras Hindu

University

7. Prof.V.S.Rama Murthy, Former Secretary, DST

8. Prof.Goverdhan Mehta, Former Director, Indian Institute of Science

9. Prof.Anil Kakodkar, Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission

10. Dr.Kirit Parikh, Former Member, Planning Commission

11. Shri Nandan Nilekani, Former CEO, Infosys Ltd

12. Shri S.Ramadorai, Former CEO & MD, TCS Ltd

13. Prof.Bernard Amadei, President, Engineers without Borders

International, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

14. Prof.T.Nejat Veziroglu.President, International Association for

Hydrogen Energy, USA.

15. Dr.Samir K.Brahmachari,Director General,CSIR,Government of

India,New Delhi

Prof.Y.Nayudamma

Prof.Y.Nayudamma – A Scientist par excellence, great humanist and above all a person with unusual tolerance whose profound concern for science and technology to serve the society inspired us to set up NAYUDAMMA CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES in Nellore,Andhra Pradesh,India.

Technology Bank

The Nayudamma Technology Bank provides easy access and information to technologies supported by IDRC — technologies from the South for the South. This collection, which provides contact names for all the technologies described, is a way of sharing and updating information on technological advancements for international development.

The technology bank has been named in honour of the late Dr Yelavarthy Nayudamma, a man who dedicated his life to demonstrating how science and technology can and should be used for human benefit. Dr. Nayudamma, who joined the IDRC Board of Governors in 1981, lost his life in the tragic Air India disaster in 1985.

Dr Nayudamma deeply believed in the concept of "technologies for humanity" and the need to "bring modern science to bear upon the problems and needs of the rural poor." Though internationally recognized as an organic chemist, specializing in the complex polyphenol-protein interactions upon which leather manufacture is based (in 1965 he received the K.G. Naik Gold Medal for his research), Dr Nayudamma was ultimately a practical technologist. As director of the Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) in Madras from 1958 to 1971, Dr Nayudamma made important contributions to the development of India's leather industry. In 1971, he became director of the Committee on Science and Technology in Developing Countries ( COSTED ), spearheading a movement for the appropriate integration of traditional and emerging technologies.Dr.Nayudamma was Director General of CSIR and also served as Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University. Dr.Nayudamma has still holds the record of Youngest Director of a CSIR laboratory(CLRI, Madras) at the age of 35 and Youngest Director General of CSIR at the age of 49.

Dr Nayudamma's accomplishments are numerous and varied. It is out of admiration for his vision and in honour of his memory that IDRC has named this bank of technologies for development the Nayudamma Technology Bank.

Nayudamma was Senior Advisor,UNIDO,UNDP etc.,

Photos taken during the Nayudamma Award being presented to Dr.V.S.Ramamurthy the then Secretary,DST.(Please Open the Images in a new tab and Maximize it & watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).


Photo captured of Dr.Anil Kakodkar ,Former Chairman Atomic Energy Commission at Nayudamma Award Function.(Please Open the Images in a new tab and Maximize it & watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).

Awards Presented to DR.A Jagadeesh

Dr.M.S.Swaminathan,Noted Agricultural Scientist presenting Margaret Noble Foundation Award in Energy Technology to Dr.A.Jagadeesh 2004.(Please Open the Image in a new tab and Maximize it & watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).

Photos of DR.A Jagadeesh taken during the National and International Conferences

Photos taken during Renewable Energy Conference in Beijing, 2006.

Photos taken during Renewable Energy Conference in Beijing, 2006.

Photos taken during Renewable Energy Conference in Beijing, 2006.

Photos taken at International Conference on Sustainable Development,University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 2003

Photos taken at International Conference on Sustainable Development,University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 2003

Photos taken at International Conference on Sustainable Development,University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 2003

Comments by DR.A.Jagadeesh that are Published in various NewsPapers,Websites and Magazines

U.S. development model not suitable for India: Pitroda
By siliconindia news bureau

Thursday, 15 April 2010, 03:17 IST
Bangalore: India should develop an indigenous model for development that focuses on low-cost solutions, instead of copying the consumption-based American economic model which is unsuitable for the country, said Sam Pitroda, Advisor to Prime Minister on public information infrastructure.

While addressing the participants of Microsoft-organized Tech ED 2010, a technology conclave via videoconferencing from Chicago, the technocrat said India has its own challenges and requires Indian model focused on low-cost solutions. Reports PTI. "We need to learn to innovate on our own," he said.

The U.S. model of consumption-based economy is not scalable, sustainable for a country like ours. India needs to look at new development models in areas such as education and health. India's rural areas could become outsourcing hubs for urban centers.

Reader's comments (4)

I entirely agree with you Mr. Sam Pitroda.

Exponential growth has led to increased affluence: affluence led to more aspirations and wants; wants lead to consumerism. This consumer civilisation is in a perpetual motion. It is like this -- rags make paper, paper makes money; money makes banks; bank makes loans; loans make poverty; poverty makes rags and rags make paper ... one is not sure whether this exponential growth and perpetual motion have brought any happiness to man. The net result however is depletion of resources; degradation of environment and irreversible harm to the land and seas.

Consumer civilisation has led to increased wants and increased production leading to production explosion in advanced countries. In developing countries, one more child is considered as an additional investment leading to reproduction explosion. The predicament for mankind is Production Explosion verses Reproduction Explosion. The other predicament is two-thirds of human beings live in a state of poverty and misery while the remaining minority feel the effect of over - consumption and indigestion.

Modernism and consumer civilisation have landed us in an era where there is a basic conflict between man and nature. Earlier, nature controlled man. Today man controls nature. The ideal is for man not to control or conflict with nature or controlled by it but to live in consonance and harmony with nature.

The time has come therefore for alternative lines of development and growth. The alternative method is increased production with distributive justice and growth with social justice. Aspects like social justice, quality of life, a humane society and a kind of shift in societal values and priorities called for. It will be a society where services loom much larger than goods; when the focus is more on education and less on higher income; more on decent housing and transportation and less on keeping up with the Joneses.

In such a growth, new and alternative technologies may be developed and used requiring less use of energy, low energy agriculture, transportation system with low energy demand, more use of solar and other renewable energies; household and industrial appliances with long life and recyclability; extensive recycling of minerals and other materials; full utilisation of wastes; emphasis on conservation, and exploration and utilisation of ocean bed resources. We have to ask ourselves what kind of a society we wish to live in -- consumer society or an egalitarian society. We need not copy the advanced West. We need not wait for advanced countries for benevolence and to nobly renounce their exponential growth pattern at the cost of the resources of developing countries.

The important thing therefore is first to set the societal values and life styles which in turn will decide the type of technologies to be generated and used. Technology should thus be coupled with social technology to achieve the value systems and the type of society we wish to live in. It requires vision. Imagination must be coupled with engineering to bring it down to the level of people to do maximum good to maximum number of people. Coupling of imagination with engineering is called Imagineering.

Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore (AP)
Posted by: Dr.A.Jagadeesh - 15 Apr, 2010





On Dr.H.J.Bhabha and Science in India in December 2009(Please Open the Image in a new tab and Maximize it & watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly)

















Smt.Indira Gandhi- A Champion for the cause and use of Science and Technology
October 30, 2009 11:21 IST
REDIFF NEWS



by Anumakonda JAGADEESH on Nov 01, 2009 10:24 PM

Smt.Indira Gandhi was champion of the cause and use of science and technology. She understood earlier than most other heads of state the significance of understanding the science behind environmental issues and basing policies to rectify the problems on that scientific knowledge.Her commitment for science is total,”the role of science is not merely increased production through advanced technology but it means changing the lives of the individuals and of the nation”. Indira Gandhi inherited a well-developed scientific and technological institutional infrastructure founded by her father. She was well aware of their importance in India's quest for self-reliance. Indira Gandhi increased government spending on research and development activities and she was keen to utilize the results for the social and economic modernization of the country. Not only did she place emphasis on formulating a national science and technology plan, she expanded research and development facilities in such areas as atomic energy, space and electronics, defense production and agriculture.Whenever a letter from public was addressed to her as Prime Minister a reply used to come within a fortnight. I had the privilege of scores of replies from her Secretariat that too from Top Officials. A 50 page note on DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST PROGRAMME by me at the Time of Election was placed before her for her consideration. Smt.Indira Gandhiji was indeed great.

Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore (AP)

Articles Published on DR.A.Jagadeesh in Indian News Papers and Magazines

Article Published in Local NewsPapers on 02-02-2011 (Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly)

Article Published in Jameen Raithu NewsPaper (Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).

Article in Sakshi NewsPaper on account of Renewable Energy(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).


Article On Solar Rickshaw By DR.A.Jagadeesh that was Published in Science Reporter in March 2009(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).



Article Published in Regional NewsPaper(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).

DR.A.Jagadeesh has been invited for Nince Global conferences in different parts of the World,Published in the Indian NewsPapers.(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).

DR.A.Jagadeesh has been selected as Chairman of the Scientific Monitoring and Advisory Committee of 2010 Scientific symposium,Published in the Indian NewsPapers.
(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly)



Article Published on DR.A.Jagadeesh in Regional Telugu NewsPaper "Vaartha" on December 15th 2008.



News Article Published on DR.A.Jagadeesh's Interview in Local Telugu NewsPaper on the Account of World Environmental Day.(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).

Awards Presented at R.M.K Engineering College in Collaboration With NCDA to the Scientists

Article published on Prof.T.Nejat Veziroglu in Times of India on 01-09-2009.
(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly)


Interview with Prof.T.Nejat Veziroglu (Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).


The Prestigious DR.Y.Nayudamma Award 2009 is being Presented to Prof.T.Nejat Veziroglu at RMK Engineering College in Collaboration With NCDA on August 31 2009.This Award is previously presented to Nandan Nilekani and Kasturirangan.(Please Right Click on the Image and open in new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly)



Director of Indira Gandhi Centre of Atomic Reaserch,Kalpakam,Baldev Raj,has been Selected for the Prestigious Dr.Homi Jehangir Bhabha Centenary Award.The Award which was instituted by the Nellore based Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives and RMK Engineering College,Kavaraipettai,Tamilnadu.

Innovations By DR.A.Jagadeesh

Innovations of DR.A.Jagadeesh(Please Right Click on the Image and open in a new Tab and Maximize it and watch to be able to view or read the Article Clearly).

Safe Drinking for All through Solar Disinfection

by Dr. Anumakonda Jagadeesh

Click Here (open in a new Window) to watch More

Introduction

Every 8 seconds, a child dies from water related disease around the globe. 50% of people in developing countries suffer from one or more water-related diseases. 80% of diseases in the developing countries are caused by contaminated water. Providing safe drinking water to the people has been a major challenge for Governments in developing countries. Conventional technologies used to disinfect water are: ozonation, chlorination and artificial UV radiation. These technologies require sophisticated equipment, are capital intensive and require skilled operators (1,17,20). Boiling water requires about 1 kg of wood/liter of water which results in deforestation in developing countries. Also halazone or calcium hypochlorite tablets or solutions (sodium hypochlorite at 1 to 2 drops per liter) are used to disinfect drinking water. These methods are environmentally unsound or hygienically unsafe when performed by a layperson. Misuse of sodium hypochlorite solution poses a safety hazard (2,4,11).

Treatment to control waterborne microbial contaminants by exposure to sunlight in clear vessels that allows the combined germicidal effects of both UV radiation and heat has been developed and put into practice (5,712,13,14,18,19).The SODIS system(Solar Disinfection of water) developed by scientists at the Swiss Federal Agency for Environmental Science and Technology(EAWAG) recommends placing PET bottles (usually discarded mineral water/beverage bottles) painted black on one side, aerating (oxygenating) the water by vigorous shaking three fourths water filled bottles and then filling them full and placing them in sunlight for 6 hours. In this method, the water is exposed to UV radiation in sunlight, primarily UV-A and it becomes heated; both effects contribute to the inactivation of water borne microbes. The use of PET bottles requires periodic replacement because of scratches and they become deformed if temperature exceeds 65C. Also dust accumulates on these bottles in the groves (provided for strength). The PET bottle mineral water manufacturers print on the label,’ crush the bottle after use’ in India. Unless cleaned thoroughly everyday, PET bottles turn brown over usage rendering lesser transmission of sunlight.

Microorganisms are heat sensitive. Table 1 lists up the required temperature to eliminate microorganisms within 1,6 or 60 minutes. It can be seen that it is not required to boil the water in order to kill 99.9% of the microorganisms. Heating up water to 50 - 60C (122 - 140F) for one hour has the same effect (2,21).

The most favorable region for solar disinfection lies between latitudes 15 0 N/S and 35 0 N/S. These semi-arid regions are characterised by high solar radiation and limited cloud coverage and rainfall (3000 hours sunshine per year).The second most favorable region lies between the equator and latitude 15 0 N/S, the scattered radiation in this region is quite high (2500 hours sunshine per year).

The need for a low-cost, low maintenance and effective disinfection system for providing safe drinking water is paramount, especially for the developing countries.

Materials And Methods

The innovative solar disinfection system has a wooden frame of length 2 ft,width 1 foot and depth 6 inches with bottom sinusoidal shaped polished stainless steel (curvature slightly larger than standard glass wine bottles, about 5 inches diameter) . On the front is fixed a glass sheet having lifting arrangement with a knob (this glass enclosure will protect the glass bottles from cooling down due to outside wind). There are screws which can be used to keep the contents airtight. On the backside a stand is fixed which will help the unit to be placed according to the latitude of the place for maximum solar insolation.

In this method clear glass bottles (used wine bottles) are utilised instead of PET bottles as the former are easy to clean, lasts longer and are available at a low cost in India. Solar disinfection is more efficient in water containing high levels of oxygen; sunlight produces highly reactive forms of oxygen (oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxides) in the water. These reactive forms of oxygen kill the microorganisms. Aeration of water is achieved by shaking the 3/4 water filled bottles for about 20 seconds before they are filled completely.

The unit has an advantage in that the rear reflection stainless steel will pass the light through the bottles a second time, to both increase exposure and eliminate shadowing. This reflection system will increase the light intensity minimum 2 times.

It has been widely experimented and established by earlier researchers that at temperature of 50C (122F), pathogenic microbes are inactivated. The temperatures which cause approximately a 1-log decrease in viability with 1 min are 55C (131F) for protozoan cysts; 60C (140F) for E.coli, enteric bacteria, and rotavirus; and 65C (149F)for hepatitis A virus (3,6,8,9,10,16). Negar Safapour and Robert H.Metcalf (15) in their extensive studies reported enhancement of solar water pasteurization with reflectors and the crucial role of temperature above 50C (122F) in the elimination of pathogens.

Operation

The unit is placed in the south direction (in India) around 10 am with inclination equal to the latitude of the place. The glass bottles are filled with water three fourths and shaken for 20 seconds to generate oxygen and then completely filled. The water filled bottles are fixed with caps and put in the groves of the solar disinfection unit. The glass door is closed and clipped airtight. Water bottles are removed from the unit at 3 pm and taken to a cool place and the disinfected water transferred to a clean vessel, covered for later usage.

Suspended particles in the water reduce the penetration of solar radiation into the water and protect microorganisms from being irradiated. Solar disinfection requires relatively clear water with a turbidity less than 30 NTU.To remove turbidity traditional methods of putting the paste from seed of strichnos potatorum (Nirmal seeds) by rubbing the seed on a rough stone with water is used. The method is effective, turbidity settles down in half ofv an hour and the seed are available in plenty in forests in India besides being inexpensive.

Sample Testing

Water samples from the solar disinfection unit were tested with Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. To estimate the number of aerobic organisms present in water, Pour Plate Technique has been used.

Results

The test results of various water samples disinfected are presented in Table 2. In the samples from Ambattur Bore Water, Ambattur Well Water, Anna Nagar Bore Water and Kavaraipettai Bore Water, since they are highly contaminated, further dilutions were not carried out. The dilution should be done only when the MPN indicates more than 1100 organisms/100 ml. For these samples only log reductions can be calculated. As regards R.S.M.Nagar Bore Water and Thathai Manji Well Water, the percentage of reduction are 85 and 86.95, which indicates that the water is less contaminated. As MPN index shows less than 3 organisms for 100 ml, after solar disinfection of water, the samples are free from coli forms. The results of Avadi Waste Water and Perambur Waste Water show 3 log reduction (99.8%) and 4 log reduction
(99.993%) respectively.

For comparison PET and Glass bottles were placed with black background as well as in the innovative device I developed. The results were presented in Table 3.

It can be readily seen that solar disinfection of water is complete with my device compared to open.

Discussion

Eradication of coli forms from well water, bore water and waste water has been reported from test results. The results confirm that there is 4-log 10 reduction of coli forms in the waste water after solar disinfection. The experiments were conducted at Kavaraipettai,Tamil Nadu,India.Maximum temperature occurs around 1 pm. Though 6 bottles were used in the system(each of 1 liter capacity),larger units with up to 100 bottles can be designed. The unit destroyed 99.99% of bacterial coli forms both in well water and waste water samples in 5 hours.

The innovative solar disinfection system has the advantages like:

The unit is portable,
It is cost-effective.
It can be fabricated in South India for US $20.
The unit incorporates the principle of reflection to increase solar intensity and has protection from wind which results in temperature rise inside the unit,
Larger units can be manufactured, Used glass bottles withstand higher temperatures and are available in plenty each for 2 US cents in South India, Since all the materials are available locally, the unit can be manufactured locally with local people.
Temperatures above 30C occur in south India for more than 10 months in a year and as such this innovative solar disinfection unit will be a boon in this region.

Acknowledgement

The project is financially supported by Science and Society Division, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.

Contact Info:

Dr.Anumakonda.Jagadeesh, Centre for Energy and Sustainable Resources

R.M.K.Engineering College,Kavaraipettai 601 206,

Tamil Nadu,Ph: ++ 91 44 27925102,

E-mail: a_jagadeesh2@yahoo.com

Mobile: 09490125950
.

References

1. Acher,A., E.Fischer,R.Turnheim,and Y.Manor. Ecologically friendly wastewater disinfection techniques.Water Res. 31:1398-1404.(1997).
2. Pelizzetti, E.1999.Solar water detoxification.Current status and perspectives.Z.Phys.Xhem.212:207-218(1999).
3. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency..Ultraviolet light disinfection technology in drinking water application: an over view.EPA 811-R-96-002.U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.( 1996)
4. Acra,A.,M.Jurdi,H.Mu'allem,Y.Karahagopian,and Z.Raffoul.Water disinfection by solar radiation. Assessment and application.IDRC-TS66e.International Development Research Centre,Ottawa,Canada. ISBN 0-88936-555-5 (p5),(1989)
5. Bunce,N.J. Environmental chemistry,p.183-214.Wuerz Publishing Ltd.,Winnipeg,Canada(1991).
6. Ishikawa,T.,T.Sato,Y.Ose.and H.Nagase.Reaction of chlorine and bromide with humic substance.Sci.Total Environ.54: 185-194(1986).
7. Wagelin,M., S.Canonica,K.Mechsner,T.Fleischmann,F.Pesaro, and A.Metzler. Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments.J.Water Supply Res. Technol.AQUA 43: 154-169(1994).
8. Calkins,J.,J.D.Buckles, and J.R.Moeller. The role of solar ultraviolet radiation in”natural” water purification.Photochem. Photobiol. 24: 49-57(1976).
9. Conroy,R.M., M.Elmore-Meegan,T.Joyce,K.G.McGuigan,and J.Barnes. Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial.Lancet 348: 1695-1697(1996).
10. Joyce, T.M., K.G.Mcguigan, M.Elmore-Meegan, and R.M.Conroy, Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating. Appl.Environ.Microbiol.62: 399-402 (1996).
11. Sinton,L.W.,C.H.Hall,P.A.Lynch, and R.J. Davies-Colley. Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters. Appl Environ Microbiol.68: 1122-1131(2002).
12. Jagger,J.Inhibition by sunlight of the growth of Escherichia coli b/r.Photochem.Photobiol.22: 67-70(1975).
13. Rijal,G.K.,Fujioka,R.S, Synergistic effect of solar radiation and solar heating to disinfect drinking water sources,Water Sci Technol.43: 255-162.
14. McGuigan.K.G.,Joyce.T.M,Conroy.R.M,Gillespie. J.B,Elmore-Meegan.M,Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process, J.Appl. Microbiol.84(6),1138-1148(1998).
15. Anderson,B.C., Moist heat inactivation of Cryptospordium sp. Am.J.Public Health 75:1433-1434 (Abstract)(1985).
16. Ciochetti,D.A., Metcalf.R.H. Pasteurisation of naturally contaminated water with solar energy.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.47:223-228(Medl ine)(1984).
17. Faechem,R.G., Bradley.D.J,Garelick.H,Mara.D.D,Sanitation and disease; health aspects of excreta and wastewater management,John Wiley & Sons,New York,N.Y(1983).
18. Fayer,R., Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Cryptospordium parvum oocysts in water.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.60: 2732-2735(Abstract)(1994).
19. Harp,J.A., Fayer,R.Pesch.B.A, Jackson.Effect of pasteurization on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water and milk.Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 62: 2866-2868(Abstract)(1996).
20. Parry,J.V., Mortimer. The heat sensitivity of hepatitis A virus determined by simple tissue culture method. J.Med.Virol.14: 277-283(Abstract)(1984).
21. Negar Safaour ., Metcalf,R.H,Enhancement of Solar Water Pasteurisation with Reflectors, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, No.2,859-861(1999).